Lawrencium Facts - Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements

Lawrencium  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 103 Symbol: Lr Atomic Weight: (262) Discovery: A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A.E. Larsh, R.M. Latimer (1961 United States) Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2 Atomic Weight: 262.11 Element Classification: Radioactive Rare Earth (Actinide Series) Name Origin: Named in honor of Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron. Appearance: Radioactive, synthetic metal Atomic Radius (pm): 282 Oxidation States: 3 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952) Periodic Table of the Elements

In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to...

In what way did post war prosperity bring social change to Britain 1951-1964? Britain as a country in the year 1951 stood as a country widely effected by the Second World War and the country reflected visible damage which the war had caused. Many young men were on the National Service, rationing was only just coming to an end and also social life in Britain felt like it was in the past. However some felt that the year 1951 was a year of change, they felt as if they were on the way to a new modern world which presented technological and social progress, Children who were born during the â€Å"baby boom† were born into a different society to which their parents grew up in. Leading up to the year 1964 there were many social tensions, changes in†¦show more content†¦Many British people that had a skill in a specific trade were forced to take up trades that required no skill at all which angered them . Due to immigration, discrimination in jobs was open, for example shop keepers put a sign up saying what kind of workers they were looking for, and t his gave many British people the advantage of the immigrants as a confidence trick to govern the country due to being imperial. Excluded from much of the social and economic life the immigrants began to adjust the institutions they had brought with them, for example their churches and the fact they had a British education which meant that the government gave them the right to follow their own traditions and reduced the challenges of schooling. However this also increased segregation between the immigrants and those who opposed, conflict and discrimination was very common, it became easier to recognise people’s origins and social background from their dress scene and accents. The government weren’t prepared for the reaction of the public immigration would cause regarding the unhappiness of being restricted in the job market, they then introduced the immigration act which stopped immigrant wanting to come into the country although if left the ones already in Britain feel ing very isolated and betrayed which sparked their rebellion. The conservative government had traditional views upon empire and they were objective to change which socially changed the views of the public and changedShow MoreRelated‘The main reason for conservative dominance in the years 1951 to 1964 was labour disunity’ Assess the validity of this view.2212 Words   |  9 Pages ‘The main reason for conservative dominance in the years 1951 to 1964 was labour disunity’ Assess the validity of this view. (June 2011) Labour disunity was a huge contributing factor as to why the conservatives were able to dominate from 1951 to 1964. However, there are also other factors that assisted conservative dominance. Whether that be conservative strengths, good timing, the end of austerity or their handle on public opinion, all factors contributed to the dominant years. However, how longRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 PagesInstitute of Social Sciences Compiled by S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Contents History of Social Welfare/ Social Work ..........................................................................................................................3 The need to understand history of social work .............................................................................................................3 Framework to understand History of Social Welfare / Social Work .....Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA TempleRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pagesglobal differences of what this concept actually is about, globalization has grown to involve aspects not only of economy, but politics and other socio-cultural issues. Globalization affects almost every human being, this is because the process of globalization is said to have expanded almost through out the entire world either through transport, commerce, and communication. In addition, man’s activities on the globe are all located under these sectors. Culture, as a way of living of man, isRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesPerspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subjectRead MoreFrom Salvation to Self-Realization18515 Words   |  75 PagesWestern capitalist nations. In the United States as elsewhere, the bourgeois ethos had enjoined perpetual work, compulsive saving, civic responsibility, and a rigid morality of selfdenial. By the early twentieth century that outlook had begun to give way to a new set of values sanctioning periodic leisure, compulsive spending, apolitical passivity, and an apparently permissive (but subtly coercive) morality of individual fulfillment. The older culture was suited to a production-orient ed society of smallRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagescompanies in terms of oversight and accountability. The advent of social networking and other media has transformed the way citizens interact and how businesses market, promote, and distribute their products globally. The same can be said for mass collaboration efforts occurring through digital, online technology for the development of new and innovative systems, products, and ideas. Both social networking and mass collaboration bring new power and influence to individuals across borders and transformRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 Learning objectives Introduction: the changing business environment (or the new marketing reality) Analysing the environment The nature of the marketing environment The evolution of environmental analysis The political, economic, social and technological environments Coming to terms with the industry and market breakpoi nts Coming to terms with the very different future: the implications for marketing planning Approaches to environmental analysis and scanning Summary 5 ApproachesRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesEffective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 11. Leadership: Exerting Influence and Power 94 94 Text Palmer−Dunford−Akin †¢ Managing Organizational Change 2. Images of Managing Change 121 121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case: Caught Between Corporate Cultures Who’s in Charge? (The)(Jim)(Davis)(Case) Morin−JarrellRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation:

Free Practical Sociology Essay Free Essays

string(25) " in collecting the data\." 1. Introduction In the following I will assess a research article ‘No place called home: the causes and social consequences of the UK housing ‘bubble’’ by Bone and O’Reilly (2010).A short summary of the article will be included. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Practical Sociology Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The article will then be discussed in terms of a model from Burawoy’s typography, identifying which model seems to best fit the research paper, and pointing out the features of that model in terms of the paper. The model selected will be evaluated in terms of practising sociology, with reference to wider literature. Finally, the conclusion will summarise the reasons why the model selected is the best to explain the research paper. Bone and O’Reilly’s paper looks at the ‘housing bubble’ in the UK, the phenomenon which saw house prices increase significantly between 1995 and 2007 (OECD 2011). Rather than the usual economic perspective, they take a sociological approach, looking at the impact of rising prices and the consequent lack of affordability of housing on society overall. They carry out an extensive analysis of a range of primary and secondary data from numerous sources. They suggest that if house prices are out of the reach of most people, the â€Å"bedrock of stable individual family and community life† (Bone and O’Reilly 2010, p. 231) is upturned. The issue is a social problem, rather than a social phenomenon, as more people are unable to afford decent quality housing, demand for social housing increases, people in low standard accommodation also increases (Riley 2005). Some suggest that gender is a key explanatory variable for analysing the housing bubble: not only are the financial institutions responsible for the rise in prices male-dominated, the impact of the bursting bubble is disproportionally felt by women (Walby 2009). Another analysis is driven by class; from a Marxist perspective the construction worker, a member of the working class, is exploited throughout the lifecycle of the property by banks and other financial institutions (Lund 2011). Within the UK, government policy regarding housing provision seems to be largely in tune with a â€Å"neo-classical economic orthodoxy† (Bone and O’Reilly 2010, p. 232), which translates 19th century laissez faire policies into contemporary language, and which assumes that the free market in housing is the most efficient and fair system for allocating homes. However, the free market approach has never, it has been claimed, resulted in adequate provision of housing which is affordable for low income groups (Leckie 2003), and the impact of housing ‘bubbles’ such as the one discussed by Bone and O’Reilly (2010) have a number of negative social consequences. There is a need to investigate the nature of these consequences and the impact of the housing bubble upon society as a whole. 2. Burawoy’s Model and the Paper Burawoy wants to make sociology more relevant to a wider audience (Nichol 2007). He distinguishes four dimensions:, professional, policy, public and critical (Quah 2005). These dimensions can be seen as a matrix created by two answers to each of two questions about the discipline: â€Å"knowledge for whom?† and â€Å"knowledge for what?† (Buraway 2005, p. 269). The two possible types of knowledge (instrumental and reflexive), and the two possible types of audience (academic and non-academic) define the four types of sociology. The type which seems to most closely fit the paper discussed is public sociology, although it also has elements of the other types. Burawoy himself suggests that distinctions between the types are blurred (Nichol 2007). Public sociology is characterised by reflexive, rather than instrumental knowledge, and is written for a non-academic audience. Reflexive knowledge looks at the â€Å"value premises of society as well as our profession† ( Burawoy 2005, p. 269), with instrumental knowledge having a problem-solving nature and lack of questioning of the parameters which constrain it.Burawoy also suggests that public sociology is characterised by communicative models of knowledge, consensus models of truth, legitimacy models of relevance, designated public models of accountability, public dialogue models of politics, and faddishness as a pathology.Public sociology, further, can be either ‘traditional’ or ‘organic’. Traditional public sociology occurs when sociologist’s work simply happens to make its way into the public realm. Organic public sociology occurs where the sociologist works closely with the public (Burawoy 2005). Bone and O’Reilly’s paper reports the results of an ongoing survey into the social consequences of the recent increase inUKhouse prices. The survey includes a number of data sources including media and academic texts, internet housing forums and case histories. The rationale for carrying out the research is to show that â€Å"secure and affordable housing† is â€Å"an essential foundation of stable and cohesive societies† (Bone and O’Reilly 2010, p. 231) through an analysis of the various data sources. There are a number of key findings. Bone and O’Reilly suggest that the causes of boom are not, as has been argued, increased demand and lack of supply: rather, the banking and financial industries have played a key part in creating the rise in prices, together with the ‘buy-to-let’ movement and property developers, supported by the UK government. The social consequences of the boom have been severe, with houses seen as an investm ent rather than a place to live. A large number of people have been priced out of the housing market. This has led to feelings of disenfranchisement, depression and anger. Family life has been undermined, as well as the community life. Areas deteriorate physically, and people delay having families. There are also inconsistencies between government policy on housing and their wider objectives. The authors conclude that the housing boom has benefited investors at the expense of communities. Government policies around housing have a high social and moral cost. Cheaper housing, particularly for those on a low income and young families, is needed in order to restore social equilibrium, cohesiveness and fairness. The methodology used in the research is a mixture of secondary research, drawing upon published sources, and primary research, carrying out case studies amongst those affected by the housing boom.Although there is some detail about information sources, the authors do not explicitly discuss or attempt to justify this methodology, nor discuss any possible shortfalls in collecting the data. You read "Free Practical Sociology Essay" in category "Essay examples" The conclusion suggests that the author’s hope for change as a result of the research. By offering a perspective other than an economic one on the housing price boom, they seem to want to challenge current public policy on house prices, on social, economic and moral grounds,. Their paper is a call to change policy in order to act in the long-term interests of the public overall, rather than in the interests of a small, powerful minority. It is not clear who funded the research, as the authors do not discuss it, but given the critical stance it is unlikely it is funded by government. The model chosen as most appropriate to this paper is ‘public sociology’. The features which characterise this model are: Reflexive knowledge Non-academic audience Communicative mode of knowing Consensual model of truth Relevance model of legitimacy Designated public models of accountability Public dialogue models of politics Pathology – faddishness Either ‘traditional’ or ‘organic’. The paper demonstrates reflexive, rather than instrumental knowledge.It does not just collect views of the people interviewed or summarise the data collected about the housing market, but rather uses the data gathered to support the idea that public policy on housing needs to be revised. For example figures regarding house prices and mortgage lending are used to support the idea that â€Å"excessive and risky† lending was taking place (Bone and O’Reilly 2010, p. 236). Although the paper appears in an academic journal, the British Journal of Sociology, which suggests the primary audience is academic, the language used in the article is straightforward and can be understood without specialist knowledge. This suggests the article is also targeted at a non-academic audience, and hence can have a life beyond the constraints of the academic world. The mode of knowledge featured in the paper is clearly not theoretical, and theoretical concepts are barely discussed. Nor is it foundational, associated with critical sociology and questioning the theoretical tenets of the discipline. Rather, it has elements of ‘concrete’ knowledge, associated with policy sociology, as it deals with specifics, but more predominantly features ‘communicative’ knowledge, knowing as sharing and disseminating information. The discussion of the ‘buy-to-let’ phenomena, for example, does not merely state facts about buy-to-let, but aims to communicate a message about the destabilisation of the market. In regards to the mode of truth assumed by the article, a consensual model, in which the sociologist aims to work with the public to achieve agreement about the world, is used. For example the authors use examples from case studies to draw a conclusion about the extent to which society has disenfranchised the young and less well-off. In terms of legitimacy, the paper primarily utilises the relevance model associated with public sociology, in that the argument aims to be relevant to the current housing situation and the best interests of the majority. However, it also tries to put across a moral vision, which Burawoy associates with critical sociology, by suggesting that there is a moral imperative to provide good quality housing to all, and to some extent displays the pragmatism associated with policy sociology, in that the authors justify their conclusions on economic grounds as well as social and moral. The accountability of the authors is c that of the ‘designated publics’ of the public sociology model: their aim is to suggest improvements in the good of the wider public and society as a whole, rather than looking to their academic peers, paying clients or intellectuals. In terms of policy, Bone and O’Reilly’s paper displays elements of three of the four of Burawoy’s models. They are concerned with professional self-interest, but there is also an element of policy intervention, associated with policy sociology. For example, their conclusions include suggestions forUKgovernment regarding the need to address the housing crisis. While they do not explicitly articulate the ‘internal debate’ associated with critical sociology, their paper is intended to stimulate a wider debate. Finally, the paper also fits into the ‘designated publics’ model of public sociology, as they want to inform a more general audience in addition to government. In terms of the associated pathology, the closest seems to be ‘dogmatism’, associated with critical sociology, rather than the ‘faddishness’ associated with public sociology. Occasionally the authors seem to state their case rather than clearly prove or argue it from the evidence they give. For example, in the section discussing buy-to-let and the private rented market, the authors could have considered whether it is possible to change the market typical of theUKto one more akin to the German one, rather than dismissing it as an option. Finally, in terms of the ‘traditional’ and ‘organic’ dichotomy, the paper seems closer to the ‘organic’ type of public sociology, as the authors sought the views of the public through forums and case studies to actively engage with a wide range of opinions. 3. Evaluation of the model There are a number of advantages and disadvantages to the ‘public sociology’ model of practicing sociology. Public sociology offers a way for sociology to provide value to society in general and the public. In addition, by becoming aware of the complexities of the outside world, sociologists can improve their practice and the discipline as a whole (Nyden et al 2011). While the benefits offered to the discipline are not obvious from Bone and O’Reilly’s paper, it is a clear attempt to contribute something to public debate about housing. In terms of critiques of the model, many concern the relationship between professional and public sociology. It has been suggested, for example, that there is no need to identify a unique type of sociology, but that professional sociology, for example, could extend its public face (Nichols 2007). Some also suggest that professional sociologists already take on public roles (Goldberg and van den Berg 2009). Goldberg and van den Berg (2009) also argue that the hegemony of professional sociologists depicted by Burawoy does not, in fact, exist. Holmwood (2007) suggests that Burawoy’s argument depends on seeing the sociologist as at once citizen and scientist, and that this in turn undermines the value of sociology as professional practice and also of the notion of public sociology in its entirety by compromising the professionally neutral stance. Others have also suggested that the partisan nature of public sociology is a problem: it has been said that public sociology has an id eological leaning towards Marxism, and could be seen as a way to reinvent left-wing approaches for contemporary society (Nichols 2007).From a different viewpoint, Jeffries claims that there is also little information about how Burawoy’s ideas can be interpreted into the education of sociologists (Jeffries 2009). While these criticisms seem valid, the debate about the relationship between the professional sociologist and the public sociologist hardly touches upon the research paper in question. However, the issue of neutrality or bias to one viewpoint is a feature of the paper, which seems to reject market capitalism in favour of a left-leaning, egalitarian focus. 4. Conclusion The above has used one of four types distinguished by Burawoy (2005) to characterise types of sociology. The model selected as most appropriate was that of ‘public’ sociology, which seems the closest fit to the paper by Bone and O’Reilly (2005), as it attempts to apply sociological perspectives to a matter of wider public concern: the negative impact of the recent house price ‘bubble’. Although the paper is written in an accessible way, and makes clear points regarding the causes and outcomes of the bubble, and also recommends addressing the issue of housing for economic, social and moral reasons, it also has elements in common with other of Burawoy’s categories. 5. References Bone, J and O’Reilly, K (2010) ‘No place called home: the causes and social consequences of the UKhousing ‘bubble’’, The British Journal of Sociology, 61:2, 231-253. Burawoy, M (2005). ‘2004 American sociological association presidential address: For public sociology’, British Journal of Sociology, 56:2, 259-294. Goldberg, A and van den Berg, A (2009) ‘What Do Public Sociologists DoA Critique of Burawoy’, Canadian Journal of Sociology, 34:3 Holmwood, J (2007) ‘Sociology as Public Discourse and Professional Practice: A Critique of Michael Burawoy’, Sociological Theory, 25:1, 46-66. Jeffries, V (2009) Handbook of public sociology, Rowman Littlefield. Leckie, S (2003) National perspectives on housing rights, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,The Hague,Netherlands Lund, B (2011) Understanding Housing Policy, The Policy Press,Bristol. Nichols, L T (2007) Public sociology: the contemporary debate, Transaction Publishers,New BrunswickNJ. Nyden, G and Hossfeld, L (2011) Public Sociology: Research, Action, and Change, Pine Forge Press, 2011 / Sage,London. OECD (2011) OECD Economic Surveys: United Kingdom 2011, OECDPublishing,UK Quah, S R (2005) ‘Four sociologies, multiple roles’, The British Journal of Sociology, 56:3. Riley, G (2011) Housing Market Economics, Tutor2u Limited,UK Walby, S (2009) ‘Gender and the Financial Crisis’, [online] (cited 27th July 2011), available from http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/doc_library/sociology/Gender_and_financial_crisis_Sylvia_Walby.pdf How to cite Free Practical Sociology Essay, Essay examples

Was The Reign Of Terror Justified Essay Example For Students

Was The Reign Of Terror Justified Essay 1.There are many definitions of terrorism. Some of them are: Brain Jenkins said that terrorism is the use or threatened use of force designed to bring about political change. While Walter Lacqueur said that terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of force to achieve apolitical objective by targeting innocent people. Yet another definition comes from Edward Herman, who said that terrorism should be defined by terms of state repression, such as the corrupt Latin American governments. Still another view of terrorism comes from Alex Schmidt, who said that there is no true or correct definition, because terrorism is an abstract concept with no real presence. A single definition cannot possibly account for all potential uses of the term. The final definition that is covered here is the official definition of terrorism issued by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. They state that it is the unlawful use of force to intimidate a government to further political or social goals. Though thes e are only a few of the definitions of terrorism, they provide a good cross-section of the term terrorism. 2.Martha Crenshaw said that terrorism means socially and politically unacceptable violence aimed at an innocent target to achieve a psychological effect. She also sited three criteria to make it a terrorist attack. The first is that there must be military methods used. Second there must be a millitary target involved, and finally there must be some chance of victory. 3.J. Bowyer Bell stated that there are six types of terrorism, and each part has a purpose. The six are; psychotic which attempts to achieve psychological gratification. The second is criminal witch attempts to profit the terrorist. Next there is the vigilantly type of terrorism witch attempts to achieve retaliation for some act, fourth there is endemic terrorism; witch is an internal struggle of some type. The fifth type of terrorism is authorized terrorism, which deals with state repression of a group. Finally we have revolutionary terrorism, which changes a behavior through fear. 4.One of the many types of terrorism, according to Bell, is revolutionary terrorism. Here are some of the forms of revolutionary terrorism. One form is organizational which is meant to maintain discipline in a terrorist group. The next is allegiance which attempts to achieve public support for a given terror group. Thirdly there is functional revolutionary terrorism, which attempts to accomplish the missions of the terror groups. Another form is the proactive type, which incites governments to repression of a group of people. The fifth form of revolutionary terrorism is a manipulative terror group that attempts to obtain demands through drastic confrontation. The final aspect of revolutionary terrorism according to bell is the symbolic terrorist that strikes at targets for a psychological impact. 5.PaulWilkinson has another typology of terrorism. He focused primarily on nationalistic and revolutionary terrorism. Yet his definition moved beyond the broad meaning of terrorism. Three types came out of his analysis: criminal, political and state sponsored terror. He also said that there has to be a difference made between internal and external terrorism. He is the most fond of political terrorism because he feels it is the least controversial and most common. 6.Brian Jenkins stated six tactics of terrorism. They are; bombing, hijacking, arson, ambush, kidnapping, and hostage taking. Terrorist most commonly use more than one of these tactics at one time. 7.Just as there are six common tactics employed by terrorists there are also three force multipliers, which increases the striking power of the terrorists without increasing the strength of the unit. They are; technology (such as computer strikes), transnational support (money from more than one source), and media (to get their ideals out to the public). These forces are just as important to terror grouWords/ Pages : 645 / 24

Say No To Marijuana Legalization Essays - Herbalism,

Say No To Marijuana Legalization Say No to Marijuana Legalization Marijuana also known as cannabis sativa is being used illegally by many Americans today of all ages. Before the 1960s, many Americans had never heard of marijuana, but today it is the most used illegal drug in this country. All types of marijuana are mind-altering drugs. They all contain THC, the main active chemical in marijuana, along with over 400 other chemicals. This drug should stay illegal for many reasons concerning the health and safety of Americans today. Saying no one ever died from smoking marijuana is like saying no one ever died from smoking tobacco. ?Today research shows that nearly 50 percent of teenagers try marijuana before they graduate from high school?(Grinspoon, 92-96). Most young teens and children start using marijuana for many reasons, they are curious, or want to fit in to a specific group of kids. Most young people who already smoke cigarettes and/or use alcohol are at higher risk for marijuana use. Most young people say they use marijuana to deal with psychological problems such as, anger, boredom, depression, anxiety, etc. As much as young people think marijuana is helping their problems, its only making things worse for their bodies and minds. When using marijuana, some users suffer acute anxiety and have paranoid thoughts, this mainly occurs with some one new to the drug or in a strange environment. In some cases, a user who has taken a very high dose of marijuana can have severe psychotic symptoms and need emergency help. Marijuana delay's the user's short term memory, which means they may have trouble handling simple or complex tasks. Due to the effects that marijuana has on the mind, the user my find themselves in a difficult situations such as they could become involved in risky sexual behavior or take part in auto crashes. When you smoke marijuana and then drive or even perform both, many of the skills required for safe driving, may be changed such as, alertness, concentration, coordination and reaction time. These effects can last up to 24 hours after smoking marijuana. Marijuana may also make it difficult to judge distances and react to signals and sounds on the road. ?A recent study of patients in a shock-trauma u nit who had been in traffic accidents revealed that 15 percent of those who had been driving a car or motorcycle had been smoking marijuana, and another 17 percent had alcohol in they're system?(Trebach 68 ). Marijuana can direct the human mind to make wrong or a dangerous choice but it also can damage our bodies. The body can be damaged, just as easy as the mind loses its control over the choices it makes. While all of the long-term effects of marijuana are not yet known, there are studies showing serious health concerns. Findings so far show that the regular use of marijuana or THC may play a role in cancer and problems in the respiratory, immune system, and reproductive systems. It is hard to find out whether marijuana alone causes cancer because many people who smoke marijuana smoke cigarettes and use other drugs. Marijuana smoke contains some of the same cancer-causing compounds as tobacco, sometimes in higher concentrations. ?Studies have shown that five joints per week may be taking in as many cancer causing chemicals as someone who smokes a full pack of cigarettes a day?(Downs 1-4). Tobacco smoke and marijuana smoke may work together to change the tissues lining the respiratory tract. Marijuana smoking could contribute to early development of head and neck cancer in some people. Cases of cancer, including cancer of the mouth, tongue, larynx, jaw, head, neck, and lungs have been reported in young marijuana smokers. Our immune system protects the body from many diseases, when marijuana is smoked it impairs the ability of T-cells in the lungs, causing someone with a disease more susceptible to other illnesses or diseases. Continued us of marijuana can lead to abnormal function of the lungs or airways. Scientists have found signs of lung tissue injured or destroyed by marijuana smoke. Marijuana and tobacco both cause many of the same breathing problems, both of them are addictive. While not everyone who uses marijuana becomes addicted, when a user begins

New York Metropolitan Area Facts

New York Metropolitan Area Facts The New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area is the new official federal government name and definition for the greater New York City metropolitan area. It huge and encompasses thirty counties in the greater New York City region consists of the following Metropolitan and Micropolitan areas: Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT Metropolitan Statistical AreaKingston, NY Metropolitan Statistical AreaNew Haven-Milford, CT Metropolitan Statistical AreaNew York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical AreaPoughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical AreaTorrington, CT Micropolitan Statistical AreaTrenton-Ewing, NJ Metropolitan Statistical Area New York City Region Descriptions Below, you will find descriptions of each of the seven above areas and how they are defined. The Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Fairfield County (including the principal cities of Bridgeport, Stamford, Norwalk, Danbury, and Stratford) The Kingston, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Ulster County. The New Haven-Milford, CT Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of New Haven County. The New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of the principal cities of New York, NY; Newark, NJ; Edison, NJ; White Plains, NY; Union, NJ; and Wayne, NJ. Officially, the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area is subdivided into the: Edison, NJ Metropolitan Division (Middlesex County, Monmouth County, Ocean County, and Somerset County)Nassau-Suffolk, NY Metropolitan Division (Nassau County and Suffolk County)Newark-Union, NJ-PA Metropolitan Division (Essex County, NJ; Hunterdon County, NJ; Morris County, NJ; Sussex County, NJ; Union County, NJ; and Pike County, PA)New York-White Plains-Wayne, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division (Bergen County, NJ; Hudson County, NJ; Passaic County, NJ; Bronx County, NY; Kings County, NY; New York County, NY; Putnam County, NY; Queens County, NY; Richmond County, NY; Rockland County, NY; and Westchester County, NY) The Torrington, CT Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of Litchfield County. The Trenton-Ewing, NJ Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of Mercer County.

Rwanda Genocide Before, During and After Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rwanda Genocide Before, During and After - Essay Example The Tutsi were also ruled by a King or Mwami and are thought to have first migrated into the area around the 14th century via a slow invasion that was mostly peaceful. The Tutsi owned lots of cattle and were advanced combatants and used these to achieve economic, political, and social control over the Hutu people. Over time ownership of land was taken from the Hutu and became the property of the Tutsi Mwami. The economic relations between the Hutu-Tutsi took the form of a trade by barter contract called the ubuhake. Both tribes could for example exchange Tutsi cattle for personal and military service. These evolved though as the ubuhake became a feudal-type class system with power resting firmly in the hands of the Tutsi minority. Rwanda was governed by various colonial powers including Germany and Belgium. Under the Belgians the political power of the Mwami was eroded, the ubuhake system was modified and the payments of tribute were abrogated. After several years, Rwandans were subsequently integrated into the political system after the United Nations (UN) was formed. The integration was meant to produce far-reaching socio-economic reforms, which would lead to political progress and social stability. However, this program allowed the Tutsi minority gain political, economic and social domination over the Hutu majority and was a contributing factor that led to civil unease in the country. After years of escalating conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi, the Belgian administrators with the support of the UN General Assembly, granted recognition to the republican Rwandan (and Burundi) State in order to avoid more social unrest. On June 27, 1962, the General Assembly voted to terminate the Belgian Trusteeship Agreem ent, paving the way days later for Rwanda to attain independence. Post-Independence The new Rwandan nations first President was Gregoire Kayibanda, a Hutu leader. Rwanda introduced its own national unit of currency, the Rwanda franc. On November 7, a political system with multi-parties was legalized. Ethnic violence broke out in February 1993 causing hundreds of fatalities amongst both Hutus and Tutsis. On April 6, 1994, President Habyarimana and the President of Burundi were murdered when the airplane carrying both men was shot down in Kigali. This led the rounding up and eventual murder of Tutsis. After the genocide, the government of Rwanda began reconstruction and reconciliation processes. A grassroots village-level justice system, known as gacaca was put in place, to address the enormous backlog of cases. By the end of 2006, 818,000 genocide suspects had been identified by the gacaca courts. Victims of genocide were over 1 million people. The Economy Rwanda's major exports are coffee, tea, tin cassiterite, wolfframite, and pyrethrum. Agriculture contributes more than 40% of the nation's GDP. Principal food crops include bananas, sweet potatoes, cassava, sorghum and beans. Till date the majority of Rwandans are subsistence farmers who still live in the rural parts of the country. Intense demographic pressure, the shortage of arable land, and lack of access to the Indian Ocean have been three critical problems in Rwanda's economic development. It is a fact that Rwanda has one of the lowest urbanization rates in Africa. Since independence, the ruling party has allocated government positions primarily on a controversial ethnocentric patronage

Geographical Information Systems Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Geographical Information Systems - Term Paper Example While a definition of what constitutes GIS is central to discussing its role within geography, such a definition is, in fact, difficult to produce since the term is used so variable by different people, some using it to refer to a single system while others use it to designate a system of barely related subsystems (Pickles, in Pickles, 1995, p. 3). Pickles (1995) states that all geographic information systems have two central defining characteristics: They involve the use of digital electronic data and the production of electronic spatial representations (p. 3). Parker (in Castle, 1993, p. xvii) goes even further in simplifying the defining aspect of GIS as being nothing more than data handling  which any mention of geography per se can easily be dropped. Such a bare-bones definition of GIS lends it an appearance of neutrality that is deceptive, for geographers use electronic information technology forward a variety of epistemological perspectives and research goals. Pickles (1995) summarizes the field of possible applications; it should be noted that within each of these possible applications a wide range of philosophies and motivations is possible. [GIS is} a research community that transcends disciplinary boundaries; an approach to geographical inquiry and spatial data handling; a series of technologies for collecting, manipulating, and representing spatial information; a way of thinking about spatial data; a commodified object that has monetary potential and value; and a technical tool that has strategic value (p. 3). Not only is GIS multifaceted in its technical capabilities, it is multidimensional in its social and cultural capabilities as well, allowing for new demographic tools, new forms of workplace domination, novel commodities, new ways of identifying space and nature and new ways of waging war (Pickles, in Pickles, 1995, p. 4).

Martin Luther On the Freedom of a Christian Man (Response Paper) Essay

Martin Luther On the Freedom of a Christian Man (Response Paper) - Essay Example is period, Reformation evolved as a movement which severely criticized and demanded reform of the Catholic way of life, as initially expressed in the campaigns of Martin Luther.[1] To address this issue, Luther challenged the Catholic understanding of justification and salvation by faith by examining the paradox. Through his endeavour in On the Freedom of a Christian, he proposed that â€Å"A Christian man is the most free lord of all† yet â€Å"a Christian man is the most dutiful servant of all† in an attempt to contrast what is inwardly renewing to that which is outwardly perishing. By the time corruption and nepotism within the Catholic system of papacy became exposed to the public [2], people who had long suffered the rigid structure of worship along with poverty and social inequality began to perceive the crisis in Catholicism and how they had been which relates to salvation and find out that religious affairs are irrelevant to spiritual progress in the absence of faith and acknowledgment of God’s word for â€Å"Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God† (Matt. 4:4). Eventually, they inquired in meditation whether a man is justified by visible efforts that build him up on the outside or by invisible faith which gathers him up on the inside. Were they certain about what they thought all along – that men attain salvation by good works? Or must salvation be achieved in the light of faith which depends not on physical exertions but on God’s Word which sustains the spirit? If the Catholic doctrine truly works with efficacy as taught by the ordained members of the church, why did it appear that most followers remained unrelieved of confusion and suffering? In order to establish a solid argument in protest of the theological views against which such queries were raised, Luther made ‘faith’ central to his discourse of On the Freedom of a Christian where he described faith as â€Å"a living fountain, springing up

Personality Factors for a Leader

Personality Factors for a Leader Nature of Leadership: Laurie J. Mullins states that Leadership is a relationship through which one person influences the behavior or actions of other people (Mullins 2010: 373). He says that Leadership is all about determination, personality and innate ability at the right time for a particular competitive situation. Many effective business leaders have no formal academic qualifications and each has their own individual leadership style. Leaders can motivate their followers and can design organizational contexts and make them function effectively. Criterion of leadership: Though there are lot many criterion for leadership, we in our group selected a few of them. VISION: A good leader should work hard at communicating their vision for the organization to all staff at all levels. He has to understand that their vision must appeal to the staff at both an emotional and practical level. Basically a leader has to understand the culture and values of his organization and its impact on its future development. He has to recognize blind alleys. MOTIVATION: A leader has to understand that every member has a different set of motivational stimuli, motivate them accordingly. He has to explain his decisions in terms of their benefit to the organization and its members. Most importantly a leader has to find out the flaws if any or celebrate and reward individual and team achievements. EMPOWEREMENT: An empowered leader should believe that people generally respond well when given greater responsibility for their own performance without disturbing the organizations model. For that he has to allocate sufficient resources to training and development and get a buzz when staff set and achieve their own goals. He should realize that the organization would still function if you were not there. COMMUNICATIONS: One of the most important criteria for a leader is communication skill. He has to use his communication influence to encourage two way communications at all levels in your organization. He has to encourage personal contact rather than written, mechanical or technological alternatives. Finally has to encourage a diversity of opinion and constructive criticism and walk the talk. RELATIONSHIPS: A successful leader should work hard at countering a them and us culture within your organization and maintain relationships inside and outside his team. He has to set clear codes of acceptable conduct and take action against breaches of them and stress that everyone contributes to the success of the team(s) they belong to. One of the most important qualities of a leader is that he should be able to admit a mistake when you make it. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: Mullins describes emotional intelligence as abilities such as being able to motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustrations; to control impulse and delay gratification; to regulate ones moods and keep distress from swamping the ability to think; to empathize and to hope. (Mullins 2010: 144). Emotional intelligence is the ability to think, handle situations either in frustrations or success emotionally. A leader should have this emotional intelligence so as to lead his team in critical situations. ATTITUDE: Attitudes are learned throughout life and are embodied within socialization process. They can be defined as providing a state of readiness or tendency to respond in a particular ways.(Mullins 2010: 145). A result oriented leader should have knowledge, should be expressive, should be instrumental, and ego defensive. TEAMWORK: A good leader is the one who has to create an understanding of working in groups and teams. It is necessary for him to recognize the nature of human relationships, functions, roles and factors that influence team performance and effectiveness. TIME MANAGEMENT: Time management is one of the key factors for a good leader. They should not only manage their own time but also manage their staff or teams time. They have to establish key tasks, set objectives, identify performance standards, check for constraints and decide on action plans. PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS: Problem-solving is the removal of the barrier. A result- oriented leader should have good problem solving skills as the success of his mission depends on the problems they face and the way he solve. It may be an internal weakness, or any external threat. Group Feedback and My Capabilities: The group members in our group say that I have good visionary qualities and they say that I always plan for the future. I think that whatever plan I am making should be useful not only to me but for others and my plan should be like a generalized theory and have proofs. Coming to motivation, our group members feel that I can motivate them with my verbal skills and also induce confidence into them. One of the group member reviews me that I also reward and always give them a good feedback. My group members have trust on me and are able to rely on me and I feel that I have good empowerment skills. Whenever I lead them I dont feel authoritative rather I feel responsible which makes me a successful leader. I feel that empowerment should not be taken by yourself; members around you should choose you. I use my verbal skills and my body language in an effective manner so as to put on my thought in front of them. They will be always encouraged and convinced with my presentation skills and so I can make use them for the maximum extent so as to accomplish our mission. In any context whether it may be in formal situations, informal situations, in an organization, in completing a group activity, I feel the most important part is maintaining relations within a group. I have won my group members and they vote me positively in these criteria. I feel that as a leader, whatever I do should be convinced among my group members and the plan should be transparent. I feel that no group member should be in dark side. One of my group members states that I possess a bit low emotional intelligence. I dont agree with them completely because there are no such relevant situations where I got a chance to exhibit them. I have a few real time examples where I was chosen to convince people and I succeeded i n that. When coming to attitude, each person in our group has different viewpoints regarding this criterion. One says that I am egoistic. It might not be a false judgment but its true in some issues. I am a bit EGOISTIC person, but the way I exhibit it depends on the situations and circumstances.one more member in our group says that I calm down when things doesnt go well and look for a chance or a solution. That is also true and it happens most of the time when handling worthless issues. The other member says that my attitude is good and positive always. I feel that attitude varies accordingly with peoples mindset and it is the way how they receive. Team playing is one of the best qualities which I possess. My group members also agree with this statement. They say that I am always ready to help them irrelevant of the situation. I feel that in a team di Coming to time management, I am a bit lazy person which is a drawback for being a leader. But my group members except one, praise me that I am good at managing time. May be, only one member found out my drawback and it is true. Actual reason is I need a small push up to start of my work which I am trying to rectify it. I am good at allocating time resources but poor at implementing it within given constraints. When I deal with any problematic situations, I come out of the situation and analyze the problem, find the causes, starting from the basics, question myself and solve the problem and my group members accessed me the same. But I feel every time that I have to improve my problem solving skills. I dont get satisfied at any point of time and thinks of a better way to solve a problem. I give feedback to myself most of the time. Conclusion: Overall there are lots of important qualities like VISION, MOTIVATION, RELATIONSHIPS, and COMMUNICATION SKILLS in me which make me to emerge as a successful leader, though I have a few qualities like ATTITUDE, TIME MANAGEMENT which needs to be improved. In this present scenario one should have to develop lot many qualities other than these mentioned and emerge out as a Good Leader in this changing world.

Jazz: A Permanent Fixture in American Culture Essay -- Music

The cities were where the jobs were located as well as the promise of a more exciting lifestyle. This urbanization allowed people exposure to other cultures, including their music. A large number of African Americans were included in this urban migration. They were moving from the rural south to northern cities and bringing with them a type of music that was different from anything the white northern youth had ever heard before. It was not the music of their parents and they embraced it. This music strayed away from classic forms, rejecting the chromatic scale and instead choosing discordant sounds (Samuel). The cities offered numerous opportunities to experience jazz. They were full of nightclubs and roadhouses which specialized in jazz music and stimulated artistic development, racial pride, and a sense of community (The American Republic). Advancements in technology also facilitated the spread of jazz music into mainstream society. Modern appliances allowed for people to have more free time. They filled this free time with entertainment. More disposable income also allowed for the purchase of phonograph records which brought jazz to areas where no bands performed. The radio was also important to the dissemination of jazz. Unlike many clubs, which were still segregated, radio was not. While many African American station owners struggled to survive in a white society they eventually managed to bring jazz music into the homes of both white and black households (Burns). Jazz music gave rise to several subcultures during the 1920’s. One of the most well-known being the flapper. The flapper represented the changing role of women in the post war society. Women during this time wanted greater independence. They entered the workfo... ...id, Keith. PBS: 2001, Film Carney, Courtney P. â€Å"Jazz and the Cultural Transformation of America in the 1920’s.† Diss. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2003. Clegg, Stewart. "If People are Strange, Does Organization Make us Normal?." The Sage Handbook of New Approaches to Organization Studies. Comp. David Barry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2008. Print. Music That Scared America: The Early Days of Jazz. Irvine, CA: Humanities out there in the Santa Ana Partnership, 2006 Nichols, Kathleen L. Jazz Age Culture. 11 Aug. 2008. Pittsburgh State University. 11 Apr. 2011 . Samuel, D. (2007). American Expatriates in the 1920s: Why Paris? Speakeasies, Flappers & Red Hot Jazz: Music of the Prohibition. n.d. Riverwalk Jazz. 11 Apr. 2011 . The Jazz Age. n.d. Trail End State Historical Site. 11 Apr. 2011 . [ return to top ]